2. Hofstede's 6-D model of national culture

Geert Hofstede's 6-D model provides a framework for understanding how the culture of a society affects the values of its members and how these values relate to behavior. The six dimensions are:

• Power Distance: This dimension explores the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. In cultures with high power distance, hierarchy and unequal power distribution are seen as natural and even beneficial, leading to different communication styles and workplace dynamics.
• Individualism vs. Collectivism: This assesses whether people’s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “We.” In individualistic societies, individuals are expected to look after themselves and their immediate family only. In contrast, in collectivist societies, individuals are part of strong, cohesive in-groups that protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty, affecting communication and collaboration.
• Masculinity vs. Femininity: This dimension looks at the distribution of emotional roles between the genders. It contrasts competitiveness, assertiveness, and materialism (masculinity) with modesty, care for relationships and quality of life (femininity). Societies prioritize different values, impacting workplace culture and interpersonal relations.
• Uncertainty Avoidance: This dimension measures the degree of anxiety society members feel when confronted with uncertainty and ambiguity. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance prefer clear rules and regulations and are less tolerant of unorthodox behavior or ideas, influencing communication norms and risk-taking in decision-making.
• Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Normative Orientation: This considers the society’s time horizon. Cultures with a long-term orientation tend to prioritize future rewards, with an emphasis on perseverance and thrift. In contrast, short-term oriented cultures value traditions and the current state, impacting planning, innovation, and strategic thinking.
• Indulgence vs. Restraint: This dimension reflects the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses. Indulgent societies allow relatively free gratification of basic human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. Restrained societies suppress gratification of needs and regulate it by means of strict social norms.